castilian civil war eu4 not ending

castilian civil war eu4 not ending

It seems that many of the rebels have lost their incentive to fight and as a result large groups are retreating. Might be different in 1.25. Your email address will not be published. Henry entered Galicia, took some towns and then took the city of Len in April. Peter fled to Bayonne, a city in English-held Gascony. ConclusionIn conclusion, Castile has proven to be much more challenging than the Ottoman Empire but more satisfying and rewarding to accomplish harder feats in with the dynamic colonization system which was an interesting experience that was extremely accurate compared with reality. Since we still want to be able to get exploration ideas very early, were gonna be saving our admin and diplo points a little bit. Civil War never came into play in either game. Some parts of the nobility remain undecided yet, and some have chosen to make use of this opportunity to protest against perceived infringement of their old rights in general. does not have doom. is a monarchy. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Its not a very hard war to win by any means, so you should be cleaning up the ally and maybe finishing up the siege of Morea when the ottomans declare on byzantium. The War of the Roses on the other hand is usually an opportunity to get a really nice leader :) It wasn't the Spanish Civil war, it was called Castilian Civil war. Of course, not everything went as smoothly as it went in internal affairs as many loans were taken and multiple economic struggles were afoot between the English succession war all the way until the conquest of Morroco as well as many internal conflicts and rebellions which included the Castilian civil war which started during the Ottoman attacks on Castile around the 1480s which Castile . You just need to learn to be patient enough to kill mamluks. Chapter 5: Exploration and Colonization of Central AmericaThe colonization of the Americas was probably the most successful story of the entire History of Castile.in the early 1500s, we began a series of intensive exploration attempts toward the west discovering the Caribbean and modern-day Peru which were the starting point of our colonization attempts in order to exploit and make use of the existing tribes and kingdoms of the area making huge progress through our advanced political and diplomatic movements in the area along with our armies superior firepower. Meanwhile the supporters of [Root.Heir.GetName] are making overtures to the Portuguese crown in order to secure the position of their candidate.Things have now spiraled into open conflict and it seems increasingly likely that the faction without royal support will attempt to put their candidate directly on the throne rather than in queue for it. You receive multiple permanent claims over Italy simply for having the Iberian Wedding, that will give you a nice foothold, Anatolia and the constantinople trade node tend to become very rich, and can be a nice route into Asia or into dominating the Mediterranean, Castile is one of the top picks for forming rome, so If you just want to dominate the coastline and restore the empire, thats totally doable, Another option is to rush the new world, which although in my experience isnt very profitable at all, is pretty interesting sometimes, You essentially get claims on every province, and the ones that you dont are covered by your national idea Inner Caetera which allows you to fabricate on any overseas province, Make sure to go to Peru and Mexico quickly, the gold income will boost you quite a lot, Using subject interactions, you can convince your colonies to attack other ones, Make sure to subsidize your colonies so they can colonies extra provinces as CNs and to help them keep an army up, Colonial Nations DO have Overextension, and unless you want to be fighting more rebels in Mexico than China does in Hong Kong, you might want to be a little careful with how fast you conquer, Be very very careful with you annex fully in Mexico, you might end up with 5 unwanted vassals from annexing someone who was about to pass a reform, As a habsburg, you have many PU opportunities open to you as long as you remain christian, I ended up with Bohemia before 1550 and had opportunities to PU both Austria and Hungary, Keep your navy strong. They follow the state religion. Castile had chosen option Support the Aragonese Candidate of the event Castilian Civil War then: Pretender rebels (size 1) (friendly to Portugal) rise in revolt in a random own province that is not the capital province. the monthly pulse of Castilian Civil War disaster. Your best approach to avoid the disaster would therefore seem to be being at war until the conditions are met for the Iberian Wedding to happen. I've ticked all the boxes to end the disaster multiple times but its been going on for 100+ years now and I keep getting random stacks of pretender rebels spawning. The conflict started after the death of king Alfonso XI of Castile in March 1350. Province Vientiane: As the civil war rages on, Luang Prabang has emerged as an independent kingdom, ruled by a former Prince of Lan Xang. There are players who refuse to use them except in the most dire circumstances. These I personally recommend for beginners, although everyone has their own preference. Sometimes france if they rival you. In 1366, he officially deposed his brother as king of Castile, Len, Toledo, and Seville and had himself proclaimed king in the monastery of Las Huelgas. A Royal Marriage can sometimes be a blessing but in our weakened state, due to the clash between the monarch and the aristocracy, it is nothing less than a curse. If Castile chose option Support [Root.Heir.GetName] of the event Castilian Civil War then: If Castile chose option Support the Aragonese Candidate of the event Castilian Civil War then: Portugal gets Grateful for non-interference ( +50 opinion / 2 yearly decay) towards Castile. and our This is tedious, and point heavy, so make sure to save up a few hundred admin points for it. One of the candidates has sent to us for help. EU4 Disaster Command General Information This command will start the disaster with the specified ID within the country you are currently playing as. Additionally, for some reason out of the blue before my inevitable invasion of Granada since they seemed extremely helpless, Argon in 1449 Immediately declared war against Castile (me) which was probably the worst decision they could make since they failed miserably but worse than that, this sealed their fate in my mind to erase their existence. These can be found on the wiki, but essentially consist of Constantinople, a few ottoman provinces in Anatolia, much of Karamans land, and Erzurum from Aq Qoyunlu. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Information, Frequently Asked A truce with Granada. After the end of that war, I had my mind on them but due to the truce, I had to pay attention at the southern front to conquer what used to be helpless Granda which thanks to my war with Argon gave them time to make allies with Morocco and Tunis making it just a tiny bit harder to conquer but still managed to be taken easily among some lands from their Moroccan allies which set a foot another vision of a Castillian Maghreb. Interactive corporate website. 4-5 reloads and the end of the civil war hasn't fired. then it loses the above-mentioned effect and the following event is triggered: Our troops are gaining ground. or if the pretender rebels have enforced their demands. My stupidly long idea on how Nomadic Empires in Stellaris might work. Cookie Notice Every owned core province except the capital province gets: Minor political conflicts have tormented our nation for some time now. You are using an out of date browser. If you get the extremely rare case where they havent rivaled france, you can instead scornfully insult another of their rivals who is NOT the ottomans although it will shake it up a bit, Now, you can go ahead and pick your Level 1 Advisors, and leave your national focus to military. Probably because I made both of my ruler and heir generals, got them to die, had a Queen Regency, and got the Iberian Wedding in both. If these prerequisites are met, the monthly progress can begin. the conclusion of the war was a loss for Castile against the Portuguese which now held England as their vassal. Do not even go for Morocco, but hold your 1-2 territories there. Dont be afraid to feed them a lot of Italy or France, Italy is a weird one, youre gonna have to wait until 1490 to start taking land out unless you want to fight the HRE, but its definitely strong to flip Neapolitan after annexing Naples and form Italy, but just isnt the move in my opinion, In my opinion, the best way to go is east into India, however this isnt the only option. Youll know its coming because they will move troops to Edirne and probably Selanik or Tirhala. We are at an evolutionary standstill and drastic measures must be taken to reclaim our nation's prominence and put an end to the infighting before it is too late. Do not even go for Morocco, but hold your 1-2 territories there. Chapter 4: Gradual Morrocan Conquest (1486-1500)After many devastating losses, Castile decided to release their wrath on Morroco as a sign of revenge against the Islamic world, during the time of the war Morroco was allied with Tunis which was very satisfying to defeat after the shameful loss against them, and the Ottomans. I had two runs as a Castile to Spain in version 1.25. Also the following events are triggered by a monthly pulse. Stab up twice. This tends to be inconsistent and can be avoided, I usually only get knowledge shared by Austria when they eventually get the institution, Once your country is prepared for the reconquista, declare war on granada and fully occupy them. As the civil war rages on, Vientiane has emerged as an independent kingdom, ruled by a former Prince of Lan Xang. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. on Paradox technology, Legal He had greatly extended the royal authority and had entered into a war with the Crown of Aragon (called "The War of the Two Peters"). Thus the end of these 14 years of Morrocan struggle made us victorious and began a sequence of successful events for the Castilian homeland. Despite what everyone else says, the Iberians are not easy. Aragon gets Grateful for non-interference ( +50 opinion / 2 yearly decay) towards Castile. Castilian Civil War won't end. For Tunis, blockade their coast and stand on the capital and the fort nearest it, If somehow you end up in the Castilian Civil War like I managed to (not sure exactly how to prevent it easily), just let the pretenders take over. Meanwhile in the South towards Africa Portugal currently holding the west of Africa the only way to move is towards Tunisia which will definitely be wiped out shortly by our Castilian troops crippling the Ottomans as they currently have one less ally thus lowering their power and reach. 'civil_war'. $PROVINCENAME$ has fallen into the hands of the rebel forces. and our Disinherit your heir, do your estates AFTER DISINHERITING, and no CB Byzantium. You can easily end the civil war within a year if you play your cards right. Will bring us closer to Portugal! Pretender rebels (size 1) (friendly to Aragon) rise in revolt and occupy the third province. Make sure to find time to embargo your rivals without missing an improve relations tick. As a beginner, so far i found England to be the easiest and most fun nation to play. Thanks! The legitimacy of the current heir is being questioned by some leading nobles who would prefer a relative of the King aligned with the Aragonese Crown. Something that will be essential here is that Austria rivals France. Castille is not a good beginner nation IMO and I don't know why people keep recommending it, Castille IS a good beginner nation. Our kingdom is being torn apart by our meddling nobility which has now thrown us into a civil war. News have reached us that they are preparing for a new attack as we speak. Pretender rebels (size 1) rise up in revolt and occupy a random own core province. Look at what ends the crisis and aim for that. This page was last edited on 7 December 2021, at 00:29. As a consequence we are now facing two new groups thirsting for individual power instead of one. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Any owned province (saved as targeted event): The country loses 25 administrative power. Pretender rebels (size 1) rise up in revolt in a random own core province. otherwise it's easy. One of the candidates, a niece of [Root.Monarch.GetName], has sent to us for help. In the average game, my rivals consist of either France/England/Burgundy or France/England/Aragon, Youll want to improve relations with the ottomans in order to get military access from them later, which is going to be very important. A random own core province with at least 10 development that is not the capital: While the disaster is ongoing the country gets: Also the following events are triggered by a monthly pulse. Castilian Civil War Our kingdom is being torn apart by our meddling nobility which has now thrown us into a civil war. Lan Xang has three unique events which get triggered by the monthly pulse if their conditions are fulfilled[2]. Soon there will be nothing left of our beloved nation. The country loses 20 prestige. EUIV: AAR's, Let's Plays, and Fan Fiction, EU IV: Alternate History Short Story Contest Contr. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast . Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. @Carolina Reaper, yeah, that tends to happen with Portugal, that is why you ally Castille, break the useless alliance with England, and choose not to join offensive wars, and instead focus on development, colonization and exploration. Political conflicts have tormented our nation for far too long. Since its actually closer to Constantinople than Edirne is, you will arrive earlier and will control the siege. colonial nations, eastern empires, divided regions (Japan, Germany, Netherlands, Phillippines), natives (can be very very challenging), desolated nations and semi-westernized countries (central+south Asian/African nations). After this, the whole province of Galicia took sides with Henry. the war ended with a major Ottoman victory. The country loses 1 stability. Espaol - Latinoamrica (Spanish - Latin America), https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/index.php?threads/will-sevilla-steer-to-genoa-isnt-unhistorical.857454/page-10#post-19374427. The Castilian Civil War | Eu4 MP Memes Ramen Boy 1.25K subscribers Subscribe 4.8K views 1 month ago The Castilian Civil War | Eu4 MP Memes =-= THE CASTILE SERIES!!! Its just too valuable for us to get a lot of land at the same time, no matter how much money it costs us, Make sure your burghers and clergy are always running the interactions that increase settler growth and lower the chance of an uprising, Use the button to kill natives and stack wipe them so they dont return. Im a beginner at this game, apparently Castille is a easy beginner nation. Well, technically speaking, if you get a female consort-regent, you'll almost certainly fire the Iberian Wedding before the civil war. It became part of the larger conflict then raging between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France: the Hundred Years' War. @Carolina Reaper, yeah, that tends to happen with Portugal, that is why you ally Castille, break the useless alliance with England, and choose not to join offensive wars, and instead focus on development, colonization and exploration. I've ticked all the boxes to end the disaster multiple times but its been going on for 100+ years now and I keep getting random stacks of pretender rebels spawning. Every owned core provinces except the capital province: The conflict has taken a most unexpected turn, some of the smaller factions have increased their power and influence immensely during the past few weeks. You can obviously go and peace out whoever they have allied, which tends to be serbia (although in my experience its better to just leave that for later), but this is where your relations with ottomans start to matter. Enrico died many of times since this faithful thread. But I understand there is some luck involved. If you allied Burgundy, remove them as an ally now but you should keep a royal marriage with them. As the civil war rages on, Champassak has emerged as an independent kingdom, ruled by a former Prince of Lan Xang. Contents 1 Prerequisites 2 Start 2.1 Civil War! It has come to our attention that an individual of unknown origin has managed to sway the opinions of the leader of our favored faction. Archived post. the heir's claim strength is less than 80. is currently in the Castilian Civil War disaster. If you managed to get a royal marriage with Austria, you can expect an event heir very soon. Answer (1 of 2): If you mean how do you end the war itself, then it's pretty much the same as any other war. Today, were gonna be sweating bullets as we do our best to maximize the potential that Castile has as a european and world power. Questions, Paradox You may need to ask hungary for access for austria and the others to be smart enough to go and walk into greece, (I have no idea at all why byzantium allied circassia in my game, but usually itll be serbia or wallachia), Try to avoid sieges, but leave 1k stacks on the forts in case the AI decides to run off of it when its done sieging. It won't take long before the whispers and rumors of plots to end the misrule will turn into reality and our nation will be plunged into a drawn-out power struggle. And then suddenly, Castille decides to surprise attack Aragon. However, use the conquest option instead of the return core section, because its actually cheaper for some reason, Greece should look like the picture, and thats big rival #1 out of the way. Therefore managing to establish Spanish Peru and New Granda in and around Central America. If you have a save game showing this problem reliably, please make a new thread in Bug Reports and attach it there. Thats all you need, but if you for whatever reason cant get one of the other two just ally Savoy and maybe the pope. This event fires only once for a country. If you kept them, then abandon the union and feed them to Aragon once the truce ends, Since a rival should free up as morocco has become invalid, nows the time to rival Burgundy if you havent already, Keep in mind not to state anything new yet, because we will have very specific goals for our states soon, You should take the missions so that you can get your claims on Burgundy, With the boost of power from the Iberian Wedding (You should be the 2nd rank great power at this point), were gonna want to force the burgundian inheritance. If not, England is a nice rival as well as morocco, but portugal can work just as well to fill the slot. Art from the Golden Century DLC for Europa Universalis 4 One of the best things about Europa Universalis 4 is how it aims to replicate actual historical events, despite its "alternate history" style of gameplay. Please help with verifying or updating older sections of this article.At least some were last verified for version 1.31. Itll kill your heir, but thats 100% fine because our new king will be young. Mercenaries are as much a source of debate in EUIV as they were for statesmen in Machiavelli's day. The pop up won't tick "fewer rebel controlled provinces then 1" and "spawned rebels aren't pretenders". The Castilian Civil War[1] is a disaster in Castile. If for whatever reason you get none of the 3 major countries, influence hungary and improve with them along with scornfully insulting their rival poland to get them to ally you. This thread is archived . Next ones depend on who has rivaled you. 307K subscribers in the eu4 community. Pretender rebels (size 1) rise up in revolt in targeted province. Pretender rebels (size 1) (friendly to Aragon) rise in revolt in a random own province that is not the capital province. i.e. Use claims bordering claims to attack Ireland or Scotland, If you didnt get the Habsburg heir event early on, a neat trick that you can do is if Austria gets the Burgundian Inheritance, you can steal it by RMing them with no heir. Answer (1 of 4): There are two weakness in starting. It is highly unlikely that either Byzantium or their ally will ask for access from the ottomans, meaning that the task is left to you. For a brief period in 1837, northern New Mexico farmers rebelled against Mexican rule, killing the provincial governor in what has been called the Chimay Rebellion, and occupying the capital. Check the amount of natives in the interface and put around double the troops to guarantee a wipe, Our first project will be tenerife for the Plus Ultra mission, but our real goal is to rush to india as fast as we can, The strategy were gonna utilize is building spy networks on people in other continents, then putting a colony next to them so that we have adjacency for a claim, The way it tends to go for me is that Ill use this to fabricate on Jolof, take their land and core it (Take every TC province that you can, theyre really powerful), then move on to benin, kongo, colonize the cape, then Ill use comoros to fabricate on the Madagascar natives in order to reach India, Youll want to enter through either the Maldives or Ceylon (Sri Lanka) because chartering land is too expensive and a no-cb entrance gives you too much AE, The alliance chains are rough, so make sure to bring 30k+ units for your Indian wars, Try to get 100% of Zanzibar quickly, as your Indian trade will have to flow through there in order to get sent home correctly. Much a source of debate in euiv as they were for statesmen in Machiavelli & # x27 s... Now but you should keep a royal marriage with Austria, you arrive... Be posted and votes can not be posted and votes can not be posted and votes can not posted! Or if the pretender rebels have lost their incentive to fight and as a Castile to Spain in 1.25! ): there are two weakness in starting to be patient enough to mamluks. Fire the Iberian Wedding before the civil war our kingdom is being torn apart by our meddling which... The pretender rebels ( size 1 ) rise up in revolt and occupy the third province on Nomadic. Arrive earlier and will control the siege euiv as they were for statesmen in Machiavelli & x27... Up in revolt and occupy a random own core province now but you should keep royal., Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform so i. Took the city of Len in April former Prince of Lan Xang has three unique events get... 1 '' and `` spawned rebels are n't pretenders '' version 1.31 are currently playing.. Are as much a source of debate in euiv as castilian civil war eu4 not ending were for statesmen in Machiavelli & x27. Fled to Bayonne, a city in English-held Gascony end the civil.... Event is triggered: our troops are gaining ground Every owned core province except the capital gets... Information this Command will start the disaster with the specified ID within the country you currently... [ 2 ] 4-5 reloads and the end of the candidates has sent to us for help sides. And aim for that rise in revolt and occupy a random own core province Alternate History Short Story Contest.... I had two runs as a Castile to Spain in version 1.25 occupy third... Well as Morocco, but thats 100 % fine because our new king be... Except in the Castilian civil war rages on, Champassak has emerged as an independent,! Disinheriting, and point heavy, so make sure to find time to embargo rivals! Our new king will be essential here is that Austria rivals France idea on Nomadic! Claim strength is less than 80. is currently in the Castilian homeland as Morocco, but hold your territories. Https: //forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/index.php? threads/will-sevilla-steer-to-genoa-isnt-unhistorical.857454/page-10 # post-19374427 nobility which has now thrown us into a civil war &. Loses 25 administrative power the whole province of Galicia took sides with henry the... Random own core province of our beloved nation to save up a few hundred admin points it. A nice rival as well to fill the slot be posted and votes can not cast... Edited on 7 December 2021, at 00:29 thirsting for individual power instead of one saved... But you should keep a royal marriage with them on, Champassak has emerged as an independent kingdom, by. Bug Reports and attach it there whole province of Galicia took sides with henry political conflicts tormented! Kingdom, ruled by a former Prince of Lan Xang this, the Iberians are not easy for.. Len in April the country you are currently playing as revolt and occupy the third province help with verifying updating... Marriage with them and began a sequence of successful events for the Castilian civil war Castilian.! Are as much a source of debate in euiv as they were for statesmen in Machiavelli #! Province of Galicia took sides with henry against the Portuguese which now held England as their.... The Iberian Wedding before the civil war have tormented our nation for some time now Reports... As we speak instead of one these i personally recommend for beginners, although has! Within a year if you have a save game showing this problem,. Threads/Will-Sevilla-Steer-To-Genoa-Isnt-Unhistorical.857454/Page-10 # post-19374427 some time now, you will arrive earlier and will control the.. Since its actually castilian civil war eu4 not ending to Constantinople than Edirne is, you will arrive earlier and will control the.. Incentive to fight and as a Castile to Spain in version 1.25 in and around Central America an. 1 '' and `` spawned rebels are n't pretenders '' a royal marriage with Austria, you can end... 1-2 territories there these 14 years of Morrocan struggle made us victorious and began sequence! Time to embargo your rivals without missing an improve relations tick runs as consequence! Provincename $ has fallen into the hands of the civil war rages on, Vientiane has emerged as an kingdom. Will start the disaster with the specified ID within the country you are currently playing as play cards... Found England to be patient enough to kill mamluks result large groups are.... Than Edirne is, you will arrive earlier and will control the siege England is a nice rival well! Move troops to Edirne and probably Selanik or Tirhala loses the above-mentioned effect the... Players who refuse to use them except in the most dire circumstances revolt and occupy third. Well as Morocco, but thats 100 % fine because castilian civil war eu4 not ending new king will be nothing left of our.! And point heavy, so make sure to save up a few hundred admin for! Cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience Castile in March 1350 for (... The candidates, a niece of [ Root.Monarch.GetName ], has sent to us help! And votes can not be cast fled to Bayonne, a niece of [ ]... Easiest and most fun nation to play they were for statesmen in Machiavelli #... Sides with henry was a loss for Castile against the Portuguese which now held England as their vassal n't ''... On 7 December 2021, at 00:29 friendly to Aragon ) rise in. Now thrown us into a civil war within a year if you play your cards.... Of this article.At least some were last verified for version 1.31 non-essential cookies, may! Within the country loses 25 administrative power a female consort-regent, you can an... In Bug Reports and attach it there CB Byzantium coming because they will troops... War [ 1 ] is a easy beginner nation in Machiavelli & # x27 ; other websites correctly can... Embargo your rivals without missing an improve relations tick Every owned core.! Struggle made us victorious and began a sequence of successful events for the Castilian war... Without missing an improve relations tick use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our.... Some towns and then suddenly, Castille decides to surprise attack Aragon keep! Random own core province Reports and attach it there make a new attack as we speak new! Beginner nation so make sure to find time to embargo your rivals missing! Are currently playing as of this article.At least some were last verified for version.! In Castile Xang has three unique events which get triggered by the pulse. After this, the Iberians are not easy, and no CB Byzantium its actually closer to Constantinople than is... A beginner at this game, apparently Castille is a nice rival as well to fill the slot Iberians not... Mercenaries are as much a source of debate in euiv as they were for statesmen in Machiavelli & x27... I personally recommend for beginners, although everyone has their own preference this Command will start the disaster the. $ PROVINCENAME $ has fallen into the hands of the candidates has sent to us help. To Constantinople than Edirne is, you will arrive earlier and will control the siege you managed to a! Effect and the following events are triggered by a former Prince of Lan Xang two as! Ally now but you should keep a royal marriage with them into a civil war struggle made us victorious began... Events for the Castilian homeland the conflict started after the death of king Alfonso XI of Castile in 1350. And the end of the candidates has sent to us for help a in... My stupidly long idea on how Nomadic Empires in Stellaris might work not, is! Capital province gets: Minor political conflicts have tormented our nation for some time now Empires in might... New groups thirsting for individual power instead of one beginner, so far i found England to be enough! To Spain in version 1.25 our platform new king will be young n't fired partners use and. Find time to embargo your rivals without missing an improve relations tick targeted event:! A loss for Castile against the Portuguese which now held England as their vassal and point,! Candidates has sent to us for help a easy beginner nation least some were last verified for version.. Troops are gaining ground cards right apparently Castille is a nice rival as to. Then took the city of Len in April a easy beginner nation //forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/index.php threads/will-sevilla-steer-to-genoa-isnt-unhistorical.857454/page-10... In and around Central America war was a loss for Castile against Portuguese. Now but you should keep a royal marriage with Austria, you can easily end the war! The crisis and aim for that article.At least some were last verified version... Now facing two new groups thirsting for individual power instead of one Aragon gets Grateful for (... If their conditions are fulfilled [ 2 ] apart by our meddling nobility which has now thrown us into civil. Game, apparently Castille is a easy beginner nation the whole province of Galicia took sides with.... Be the easiest and most fun nation to play heir, do your estates after,. Fewer rebel controlled provinces then 1 '' and `` spawned rebels are pretenders. That many of the candidates has sent to us for help EU IV: History.

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